(一) 語 態(tài) 分 類

英語動詞有兩種語態(tài).，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：

They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動)

A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動)

漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：

助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。

(二) 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化

主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以 give 為例，列表如下：

一般現(xiàn)在時：am / is / are + done

一般過去時：was / were + done

一般將來時：shall / will + be done

一般過去將來時：should / would + be done

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am / is / are + being + done

過去進(jìn)行時：was / were + being + done

現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has + been + done

過去完成時：had + been + done

將來完成時：shall / will + have been + done

過去將來完成時：should / would + have been + done

［注］被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時和過去將來進(jìn)行時。

(三)常見的八種時態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：

(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.

Rice is grown in the south of the country.

2. 一般過去時：

(1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.

The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.

3. 一般將來時：

(1)They will send cars abroad by sea.

Cars will be sent abroad by sea.

4. 過去將來時：

(1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.

The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.

5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：

(1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons.

English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.

6. 過去進(jìn)行時：

(1)The workers were mending the road.

The road was being mended.

7. 現(xiàn)在完成時：

(1)Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off.

I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.

8. 過去完成時：

(1)When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.

When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.

(四） 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：

含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

(1)You must hand in your compositions after class.

Your compositions must be handed in after class.

(五) 被 動 語 態(tài) 的 使 用

1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by 短語。

“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”

2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。

These records were made by John Denver.

The cup was broken by Paul.

3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in + 名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。

These cars were made in China.

(六)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法

（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party.

主語 謂語 賓語

→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.

主語 謂語 賓語

（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.

→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.

1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。

2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be + 過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。

3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by 短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in + 地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語。

(七)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時所注意的問題

1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。

We have bought a new computer.

A new computer has been bought. (正確)

A new computer have been bought. (錯誤)

2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。

My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.

I was given a present on my birthday.

如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：

A present was given to me yesterday.

注意：1.一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：

bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。

(1) The book was showed to the class.

(2) My bike was lent to her.

2.一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如：

build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。

(1) A new skirt was made for me.

(2) The meat was cooked for us.

(3) Some country music was played for us.

3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：

不及物動詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。

The patient is being operated on.

The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.

及物動詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。

His request was turned down.

The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather

4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+ 賓補(bǔ))的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：

(1) We always keep the classroom clean.

→The classroom is always kept clean.

(2) She told us to follow her instructions.

→We were told to follow her instructions.

注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語，也就是說不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語不存在省略to 的問題。

We often hear him play the guitar.

→He is often heard to play the guitar.

5. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：

Nobody can answer this question.

誤：The question can be answered by nobody.

正：The question can not be answered by anybody.

6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：

They haven't done anything to make the river clean.

誤：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.

正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

7. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首：

Who wrote the story?

誤：Who was the story written?

正：By whom was the story written?

8. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：

(1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。

(2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。

對比：

The books sell well. (主動句)

The books were sold out. (被動句)

The meat didn’t cook well. (主動句)

The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動句)

9. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：

第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。

第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：

He entered the room and got his book.

誤：The room was entered and his book was got.

She had her hand burned.

誤：Her hand was had burned.

第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：

The fire broke out in the capital building.

誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.

第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。

When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.

誤：The sun had already been risen.

After the earthquake, few houses remained.

誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.

第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：

I taught myself English.

誤：Myself was taught English.

We love each other.

誤：Each other is loved.

10. 在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，例如：

據(jù)說…… It is said that …

據(jù)報導(dǎo)…… It is reported that …

據(jù)推測…… It is supposed that …

希望…… It is hoped that …

眾所周知…… It is well known that …

普遍認(rèn)為…… It is generally considered that …

有人建議…… It is suggested that …

1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.

2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.