學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo):
1. 學(xué)習(xí)v-ing在句中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)的功能，探究并掌握其中規(guī)律
2. 能運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)
重點(diǎn)：
1. 復(fù)習(xí)非謂語(yǔ)的相關(guān)概念
2. 理解現(xiàn)在分詞的含義、特點(diǎn)、形式
3. 掌握現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)間性、語(yǔ)法性
難點(diǎn)：
總結(jié)并能運(yùn)用v-ing 的語(yǔ)法規(guī)律
【課前預(yù)習(xí)案】
使用方法&學(xué)習(xí)建議
課前預(yù)習(xí)案詳細(xì)講解了v-ing的含義，特點(diǎn)，功能及相關(guān)的語(yǔ)法概念。了解這些知識(shí)與概念將有助于我們對(duì)新知識(shí)的快速理解，減少學(xué)習(xí)障礙。請(qǐng)?jiān)谡n前仔細(xì)研讀，熟知各概念及用法。
在閱讀的過(guò)程中，請(qǐng)按照要求完成相應(yīng)題目。如有疑惑之處，請(qǐng)標(biāo)識(shí)，將在課堂討論時(shí)研究解決。
一、現(xiàn)在分詞概說(shuō)
1. 含義：現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle，又稱v-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式) ，是分詞的一種。 它在句子里面不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。但它具備v/n/adj./adv.的特征，因此能充當(dāng)其它 的一些成分（主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)）。
2. 特點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：
V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而不及物動(dòng)詞的V-ing則沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例，將其v-ing各種形式列表如下：
|
動(dòng)詞 語(yǔ)態(tài) 形式 |
及物動(dòng)詞make |
不及物動(dòng)詞go |
|
|
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) |
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) |
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) |
|
|
一般式 |
making |
being made |
going |
|
完成式 |
having made |
having been made |
having gone |
注意： V-ing的否定形式是由not加V-ing構(gòu)成。如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
Not knowing how to work out the math problem, I went to the teacher for help.
二、現(xiàn)在分詞的功能
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)
1） 定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞
2） 定語(yǔ)從句：用一個(gè)句子來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞
3） 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)：用現(xiàn)在分詞來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞，分前置定語(yǔ)(位于所修飾詞的前面) 和后置定語(yǔ)（位于所修飾詞的后面）
4） 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞，在意義上相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句
練一練：（找出v-ing, 及所修飾的詞）
eg. She recognized the Tony’s smiling face.
句中 smiling 修飾 face, 在句中作 前置 定語(yǔ)
1. We were all nervous about the approaching examinations.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語(yǔ)
2. He rushed into the burning house.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語(yǔ)
3. The room facing south is our classroom.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語(yǔ)
4. The factory making toys is run by neighborhood committee.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語(yǔ)
5. The shaking building showed us that an earthquake was coming.
句中_____________修飾_____________,在句中作____________定語(yǔ)
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)
1） 狀語(yǔ)的功能：狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和 伴隨狀況等。
2） 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)可以修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，在意義上 相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句
練一練：觀察下列句子中v-ing 作狀語(yǔ)的用法
1. Seeing (= When he saw ) a note on the ground, the stranger picked it up.
v-ing形式作 狀語(yǔ)， 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
2. Being late (= As he was late ) , he could not be allowed to join in the activity.
v-ing形式作 狀語(yǔ)， 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句
3. Mr. Brown was killed in an accident, leaving (=and left) behind a wife and child.
v-ing形式作 狀語(yǔ)，表示一種必然的結(jié)果,常置于句末，可擴(kuò)展成一個(gè)含有并列 謂語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句
4. The stranger was walking through the village, looking ( = and looked) this way and that.
v-ing形式作 狀語(yǔ)，其表示的動(dòng)作伴隨主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生
5. Knowing ( = Although he knew ) all this , guard didn't let me enter the lecture hall.
v-ing形式作 狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
6. Working (= If you work ) harder, you will make great progress.
v-ing形式作 狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句
【課堂探究案】
使用方法&學(xué)習(xí)建議
探究案是在了解掌握基本概念的基礎(chǔ)上，研究v-ing在句中的用法及應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題。找出其中的規(guī)律并練習(xí)解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題，以提高解題能力。
在課堂探究的過(guò)程中，請(qǐng)組成學(xué)習(xí)小組（4~6人/ 組），共同研究學(xué)案中所提出的問(wèn)題，以預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案中的概念為基礎(chǔ)，完成題目，找出規(guī)律并歸納總結(jié)。各小組選出發(fā)言人，負(fù)責(zé)在班級(jí)展示研究成果。
探究一：現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
v-ing在句中也有自己的時(shí)態(tài)變化，分別表達(dá)不同的含義。請(qǐng)觀察下列句子中v–ing 的時(shí)態(tài)變化及其含義。
1. Playing in the park, I met my friend Tom
2. Having finished the letter, he went to post it.
思考：
1. Playing (doing)是現(xiàn)在分詞的___________式；Having finished (having done)是現(xiàn)在分詞 的_____________式。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞Playing 與 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞met之間是否在時(shí)間上存在先后順序？
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞Having finished 與 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞went 之間是否在時(shí)間上存在先后順序？
總結(jié)：doing 與 having done 之間的區(qū)別
練一練：
1. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched.
A.left B.to leave C.leaving D.having left
2. _____________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
3. Last Sunday，my cousin sent me an e-mail ________me to his birthday party.
A. invited B. inviting C. to invite D. having invited
4. __________ his telephone number, we had to call his father first.
A. Not knowing B. Not having known C. Knowing not D. Having not known
探究二：現(xiàn)在分詞的語(yǔ)法性
分詞的特點(diǎn)是可以表達(dá)主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，但是在一些句子中不但要表達(dá)進(jìn)行還要表達(dá)被動(dòng)。請(qǐng)回想預(yù)習(xí)案中分詞的被動(dòng)形式。
1. 分詞的語(yǔ)法性：指使用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式，主要取決于現(xiàn)在分詞和句子之間 的關(guān)系，句子的主語(yǔ)就是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
2. 邏輯主語(yǔ)：從語(yǔ)法上講，只有句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞才有資格有自己的語(yǔ)法上的主語(yǔ)，就是我 們平時(shí)所說(shuō)的主語(yǔ)。如果該動(dòng)詞作的不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，那么，它的施動(dòng)者就不 能被稱為主語(yǔ)，只能被稱為邏輯主語(yǔ)。
觀察下列句子中v–ing 形式的用法
① Having been shown around the school, they were very happy.
② Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
思考：
在①句中，由having been shown構(gòu)成的分詞短語(yǔ)，與句子的主語(yǔ)_________存在________關(guān)系；在②句中，由having finished構(gòu)成的分詞短語(yǔ)，與句子的主語(yǔ)_________存在________關(guān)系。
總結(jié)：如何判斷分詞的語(yǔ)法性？
練一練：
1. The decision________, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.
A. is made B. has been made C. having been made D. having made
2. Look around when ________ the street.
A. cross B. crossing C. to cross D. crossed
3. _________many times, he finally understood it.
A. Tell B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told
4. It rained heavily in the south, ________ serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause
5. While watching television, ______.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
探究三：現(xiàn)在分詞的解題步驟
在老師的引導(dǎo)下完成下列題目，注意老師的解題思路與步驟
1. The old man, ________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. works D. having worked
2. _________the windows and doors, the students left the room.
A. Being closed B. Closed C. Having closed D. To close
3. _______the exam, little Tom didn’t dare to face his angry father.
A. Not passing B. Not having passed
C. Not passed D. Having not passed
4. _______ such heavy loss in the hurricane, the farmer didn’t expect to have a good harvest.
A. Suffering B. Having suffered
C. Being suffered D. Having been suffered
總結(jié)
第一步：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，辨別_____________ 第二步：找__________________
第三步：分析________________ 第四步：分析________________
【課堂檢測(cè)】
請(qǐng)運(yùn)用我們學(xué)到的知識(shí)完成下面的練習(xí)，看看我們學(xué)到了些什么
一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1. ________(walk) along, I met John.
2. ________(feel) hungry, the animal hunts for food.
3. The poet walked along the bank, _________(sing) a sorrowful songs.
4. While _________ (pick) flowers, the child was stung by a wasp.
5. He left his children __________(play) in the street.
二、單句改錯(cuò)
1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.
2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay.
3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.
4. “Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.
5. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world.
