高考全國(guó)卷語(yǔ)法填空動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)解析
方彥青
動(dòng)詞是高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空考查重點(diǎn),主要包括動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。本文通過(guò)高考真題,分析了語(yǔ)法填空中動(dòng)詞的已考考點(diǎn)和未考考點(diǎn),并提出解題指導(dǎo),以幫助學(xué)生突破語(yǔ)法填空.
考點(diǎn)一:時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)與主謂一致
1. 已考考點(diǎn)主要包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、主謂一致,如:
例1. In 1969, the pollution is terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It ______ (be)imaginable that it could be ever be cleaned up.
解析:通過(guò)上文的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 1969,可判斷為一般過(guò)去時(shí),主語(yǔ)為it,故填單數(shù)形式was。
例2. A boy on a bike (catch)my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.
解析:全文敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的一件事情,主體時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去,本句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示“一個(gè)騎自行車的男孩引起了我的注意”,故填caught。
例3. This cycle ____ (go) day after day: the walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.
解析:本文介紹了印第安人的土坯房,主體時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在,本句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式this cycle,故填goes。句意為“這個(gè)循環(huán)日復(fù)一日的進(jìn)行著:這些墻壁白天加熱,晚上變涼,總是及時(shí)的抵消外面的溫度”。
例4. It was raining lightly when I____(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
解析:通過(guò)主句時(shí)態(tài)was raining可判斷為表示過(guò)去,從句所給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arrive為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,故用一般過(guò)去時(shí),填arrived。句意為“當(dāng)我在黎明前到達(dá)陽(yáng)朔的時(shí)候,天上正飄著小雨”。
2. 未考考點(diǎn)分析:
未考考點(diǎn)主要包括:一般將來(lái)時(shí)、一般將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)等,以及各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
例1. Up to now, the program _____(save)thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
解析:up to now是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,故填have saved。句意為“截止到現(xiàn)在,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)挽救了成千上萬(wàn)的本來(lái)會(huì)死去的孩子的生命?!?/span>
例2.--We’ve spent too much money recently. --well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives ____ (come)around all the time
解析:句中有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all the time, 且從上文have spent判斷表示現(xiàn)在;句意為“近來(lái)我們花太多錢了。--并不驚奇,最近一直有朋友和親戚來(lái)訪?!北硎尽皬倪^(guò)去開始到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間一直在做某事”,用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),填have been coming。
例3. --Were you surprised by the ending of the film? --No, I ____(read)the book, so I already knew the story.
解析:根據(jù)上下文可知“Read the book” 這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去動(dòng)作“knew”之前,為過(guò)去的過(guò)去,故用過(guò)去完成時(shí),填had read。
例4. I walked slowly through the market, where people (sell)all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
解析:根據(jù)“I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed”的提示可判斷此處表示“人們當(dāng)時(shí)正在出售各種水果和蔬菜”,即表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),填were selling。
例5. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you (eat) fresh watermelon in the fall.
解析:根據(jù)if從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),可判斷主句應(yīng)該為表將來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài),句意為“如果你春天種西瓜,那么你就能在秋天享受著新鮮的西瓜了”,故用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),填will be eating。
例6. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting (exhibit)at the culture show these days.
解析:考查主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)為Traditional folk arts,為復(fù)數(shù)形式,和所給動(dòng)詞exhibit構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為these days,故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),填are being exhibiting。
解題指導(dǎo):在解動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)題目時(shí),要觀察全文的時(shí)態(tài),同時(shí)尋找標(biāo)示時(shí)間的介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞或從句,并結(jié)合上下文語(yǔ)境、時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則、主謂一致、主動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等做出正確答案。
考點(diǎn)二:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1. 已考考點(diǎn)包括:分詞作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ),不定式作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。如:
例1. It took years of work _______ (reduce) industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析:本句考查不定式作主語(yǔ),用it作形式主語(yǔ),故空格填to reduce。
例2. While there are_______ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
解析:空格后為名詞stories,故將amaze改為amazing,修飾物用-ing形式,考查分詞作定語(yǔ)。
例3. One morning , I was waiting at the bus stop , worried about (be ) late for school.
解析:加在介詞about后面,作賓語(yǔ),用動(dòng)名詞形式,故填being。
例4. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and (disappoint).
解析:和anxious并列作表語(yǔ),修飾人用-ed形式,故填disappointed,考查分詞作表語(yǔ)。
例5. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused (stop ) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept (ride).
解析:第一空加在動(dòng)詞refuse后作賓語(yǔ),用動(dòng)詞不定式,故填to stop;第二空加在動(dòng)詞keep后作賓語(yǔ),用動(dòng)名詞,故填riding。
例6. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ____ (cool) the house during the hot day.
解析:句意為“當(dāng)天亮的時(shí)候,墻壁已經(jīng)釋放完它們的熱量,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)足夠冷了能夠在炎熱的白天為房子降溫”,加在enough后面作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),用動(dòng)詞不定式,故填to cool。
例7. A study of travelers ___ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析:句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為names,故空格處填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作后置定語(yǔ),空格后有介詞短語(yǔ)by the website,動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,故為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,填入過(guò)去分詞conducted。
例8. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ___ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為arranges,空格處應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,修飾名詞people,作后置定語(yǔ),構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,故填living。
例9. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without _____(use)exectic equipment.
解析:空格位于介詞without后,作介詞賓語(yǔ),常用動(dòng)名詞形式,故填using。
2. 未考考點(diǎn)分析。未考考點(diǎn)主要包括:不定式作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)或主補(bǔ);動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),分詞作狀語(yǔ)、主補(bǔ)或賓補(bǔ)等。如:
例1. There are still many problems ______(solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
解析:本題考察的是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作后置定語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞doing表示主動(dòng)或者正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;過(guò)去分詞done表示被動(dòng)或者已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,不定式to do 表示主動(dòng)或者將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。句意:在我們準(zhǔn)備在月球上長(zhǎng)期生活之前,還有很多問(wèn)題有待于解決。根據(jù)句意可知很多問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有被解決,都是未來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事情,所以使用不定式,且和被修飾名詞problems構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,填不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to be solved。
例2. (spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
解析:本句考察的是分詞做狀語(yǔ)的用法。動(dòng)詞spend與主句主語(yǔ)Linda構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞在句中做狀語(yǔ)。而spend the past year…這個(gè)動(dòng)作是在主句謂語(yǔ)appears more mature之前就發(fā)生的,所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式Having spent。句意:作為交換生在香港過(guò)了一年,Linda表現(xiàn)得比她的同齡人更為成熟。
例3. ____(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
解析:本題考察動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的用法,填Understanding。本句中的動(dòng)名詞定語(yǔ)understanding your own needs and styles of communication在句中是主語(yǔ),單個(gè)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要使用單數(shù)形式。句意:理解你自己的需要和交流方式和知道表達(dá)你的愛(ài)和情緒一樣重要。
例4. (free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions,we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
解析:考查不定式做目的狀語(yǔ),填To free。句意:為了讓我們免受精神和身體壓力的傷害,我們每個(gè)人都需要深入的思考和內(nèi)心的安寧。
例5. He is thought _ __ (act)foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
解析:本句考察的是固定句式Sb be though to do/to be doing/to have done某人被認(rèn)為…;如果表示的是一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,就使用不定式的完成式,如果是正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就使用不定式的進(jìn)行式。句意:他被認(rèn)為表現(xiàn)很糟糕,現(xiàn)在他只能責(zé)怪自己丟了那份工作。根據(jù)句意可知他表現(xiàn)很糟糕是在丟掉工作之前,所以使用不定式的完成式to have acted。此處不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例7. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______(develop)after great effort.
解析:此題考查的是過(guò)去分詞developed在感官動(dòng)詞see后補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),因?yàn)?/span>develop與賓語(yǔ)products間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故使用過(guò)去分詞developed。句意:經(jīng)理很滿意地看見在付出巨大努力之后看到很多新產(chǎn)品被研發(fā)出來(lái)。
例8. Clearly and thoughtfully ______(write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
解析:本句考察的是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做狀語(yǔ)的用法。句中動(dòng)詞write與句子逐漸與the book構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以使用過(guò)去分詞written表示被動(dòng)。句意:被寫得很清楚很周到,這本書激勵(lì)著那些追求自己生活中的答案的學(xué)生。
例9. Don’t leave the water _____(run)while you brush your teeth.
解析:考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ),表示“讓水一直流著”,用現(xiàn)在分詞running。
解題指導(dǎo):非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞內(nèi)容繁多,用法復(fù)雜,解題時(shí)要把握如下要點(diǎn)。
1.核心意義:不定式表將來(lái),表目的,表出乎意料的結(jié)果,表示一次性動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作發(fā)生的全過(guò)程;動(dòng)名詞表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作,表用途;現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行,表自然的、必然的結(jié)果;過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)關(guān)系或動(dòng)作已完成。
2.句子成分:不定式在句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)以及狀語(yǔ);動(dòng)名詞可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ);分詞可充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
3.邏輯關(guān)系:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然在語(yǔ)法上沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),但它仍表示的是動(dòng)作,因此在意義上會(huì)有一個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,這個(gè)發(fā)出者就是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)為句子的主語(yǔ);作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)為賓語(yǔ);作定語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)是所修飾的先行詞;如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動(dòng)式,如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,則用過(guò)去分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式,如果表被動(dòng)進(jìn)行,則用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)進(jìn)行式。
4.時(shí)間關(guān)系:強(qiáng)調(diào)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,用完成時(shí),即to have done/to have been done或having done/having been done。
5.習(xí)慣用法:如judging from/by,frankly speaking等作狀語(yǔ)只用現(xiàn)在分詞形式,不定式to be honest等作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ),it is no use/good后面常用doing等。